|
An exonym or xenonym is an external name for a geographical place, group of people, or language/dialect: a common name used only outside the place, group or linguistic community in question, usually for historical reasons. Conversely, an endonym or autonym – from the Greek root words , ''éndon'', "within" or , ''auto-'', "self" and ὄνομα, ''ónoma'', "name" – is given by members of a particular ethnolinguistic group to the group itself, its language or dialect, and/or its homeland or a specific place within it. Exonym and xenonym are derived from the Greek suffix -''ónoma'' ("name") and the prefixes or ''éxō'' ("out") and ''xénos'' ("foreign") respectively Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, first used the term exonym in his work ''The Rendering of Geographical Names'' (1957).〔Marcel Aurousseau, 1957, ''The Rendering of Geographical Names'', London, Hutchinson, pp. 2–3, and; Kelsey B. Harder, 1996, "The term", in: Ernst Eichler & Walter de Gruyter (eds), ''Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres. 2. Halbband+Registerband'', Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, p. 1012.〕 Endonym was devised subsequently as a direct antonym of exonym. ==Definitions== Exonyms and endonyms can be names of places (toponym), ethnic groups (ethnonym), languages (glossonym), or individuals (personal name).〔 "The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place-names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic proper names are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives the examples of the place-names Venice and London. The Italian city Venezia has been renamed Venice in English and Venise in French. A city in the American state California is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into Venezia in Italian and Venise in French. Similarly, the English city London has been renamed Londres in French and Londra in Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place-name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target language." Loulou Edelman (2009). ''What's in a name? Classification of proper names by language''. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), ''Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery'' (pp. 141–153). London: Routledge. Goh, CL (2009).〕 As pertains to geographical features, the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names defines: *Endonym: Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located. *Exonym: Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located.〔(Working group on Exonyms ), United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN).〕 For example, ''China'', ''Egypt'', and ''Germany'' are the English exonyms corresponding to the endonyms ''Zhongguo'', ''Masr'', and ''Deutschland'', respectively; and Persian, German and Arabic are exonyms corresponding to the endonyms "farsi", "deutsch" and "al-arabiyah", respectively. Exonyms may derive from different roots (as in the case of Germany for ''Deutschland''), they may be cognate words which have diverged in pronunciation or orthography, or they may be fully or partially translated from the native language. For example, London is known by the cognate eponymous ''Londres'' in Catalan, Filipino, French, Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish; ''Londino'' (Λονδίνο) in Greek; ''Londen'' in Dutch; ''Londra'' in Italian, Maltese, Romanian and Turkish; ''Londër'' in Albanian; ''Londýn'' in Czech and Slovak; ''Londyn'' in Polish; ''Lundúnir'' in Icelandic; ''Lontoo'' in Finnish; ''Lún dūn'' in Mandarin; ''Lenden'' in Kurdish; and ''Luân Đôn'' in Vietnamese. An example of a translated exonym is the name ''Soviet Union''.〔(UN document discussing exonyms (PDF) )〕 Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed (i.e. from a third language). For example, Slovene uses the native exonyms ''Dunaj'' (Vienna) and ''Benetke'' (Venice), and the borrowed exonyms ''Kijev'' (Kiev) and ''Vilna'' (Vilnius), from Russian and Polish, respectively. A substantial proportion of English exonyms for places in continental Europe are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example: Navarre (''Navarra/Nafarroa''), Belgrade (''Beograd''), Cologne (''Köln''), Munich (''München''), Prague (''Praha''), Rome (''Roma''), Naples (''Napoli''), Florence (''Firenze''), Copenhagen (''København''), etc. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「exonym and endonym」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|